diff --git a/subjects/math/04_积分.md b/subjects/math/04_积分.md index c09b11a..e701ed6 100644 --- a/subjects/math/04_积分.md +++ b/subjects/math/04_积分.md @@ -265,6 +265,30 @@ $$ \int \cot x \, dx = \ln|\sin x| + C $$ +$$ +\int \sec x \, dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C +$$ + +$$ +\int \csc x \, dx = -\ln|\csc x + \cot x| + C +$$ + +$$ +\int \sec^2 x \, dx = \tan x + C +$$ + +$$ +\int \csc^2 x \, dx = -\cot x + C +$$ + +$$ +\int \sec x \tan x \, dx = \sec x + C +$$ + +$$ +\int \csc x \cot x \, dx = -\csc x + C +$$ + #### 万能代换 令 $t = \tan\frac{x}{2}$,则: @@ -285,6 +309,55 @@ $$ \int \cos^n x \, dx = \frac{\cos^{n-1} x \sin x}{n} + \frac{n-1}{n}\int \cos^{n-2} x \, dx $$ +$$ +\int \sec^n x \, dx = \frac{\sec^{n-2} x \tan x}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \sec^{n-2} x \, dx \quad (n \neq 1) +$$ + +$$ +\int \csc^n x \, dx = -\frac{\csc^{n-2} x \cot x}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \csc^{n-2} x \, dx \quad (n \neq 1) +$$ + +**secⁿ 递推公式推导**(分部积分法): + +设 $I_n = \int \sec^n x \, dx$,改写为 $\int \sec^{n-2} x \cdot \sec^2 x \, dx$。 + +令 $u = \sec^{n-2} x$,$dv = \sec^2 x \, dx$,则: +$$ +du = (n-2)\sec^{n-2} x \tan x \, dx,\quad v = \tan x +$$ + +代入分部积分公式 $\int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du$: +$$ +\begin{aligned} +I_n &= \sec^{n-2} x \tan x - \int \tan x \cdot (n-2)\sec^{n-2} x \tan x \, dx \\ + &= \sec^{n-2} x \tan x - (n-2)\int \sec^{n-2} x \tan^2 x \, dx +\end{aligned} +$$ + +利用 $\tan^2 x = \sec^2 x - 1$: +$$ +I_n = \sec^{n-2} x \tan x - (n-2)\int \sec^{n-2} x (\sec^2 x - 1) \, dx +$$ + +$$ +I_n = \sec^{n-2} x \tan x - (n-2) I_n + (n-2) I_{n-2} +$$ + +移项合并 $I_n$ 项: +$$ +(n-1) I_n = \sec^{n-2} x \tan x + (n-2) I_{n-2} +$$ + +$$ +\boxed{I_n = \frac{\sec^{n-2} x \tan x}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} I_{n-2}} +$$ + +需要两个初始条件: +- $I_1 = \int \sec x \, dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C$ +- $I_2 = \int \sec^2 x \, dx = \tan x + C$ + +**cscⁿ 递推公式推导**类似,利用 $\cot^2 x = \csc^2 x - 1$。 + #### 积化和差 $$