diff --git a/astrai/extension/__init__.py b/astrai/extension/__init__.py
index 068e0c6..d41f44f 100644
--- a/astrai/extension/__init__.py
+++ b/astrai/extension/__init__.py
@@ -15,25 +15,25 @@ Each wrapper calls its compiled CUDA kernel directly. Fallback to torch
 SDPA is handled by the attention backend, not the wrapper functions.
 """
 
-from astrai.extension.attention_backend import (
+from astrai.extension.backend import (
     ATTN_BACKEND,
     AttentionBackend,
     AttentionBackendFactory,
     CudaBackend,
     FlashAttnBackend,
     TorchNativeBackend,
+    apply_rotary_emb,
     attention,
     attn_backend,
     get_backend,
 )
-from astrai.extension.attention_ops import (
+from astrai.extension.loader import KERNEL_NAMES, is_available
+from astrai.extension.ops import (
     TensorLayout,
     attn_decode,
     attn_paged_decode,
     attn_prefill,
 )
-from astrai.extension.loader import KERNEL_NAMES, is_available
-from astrai.extension.rotary_backend import apply_rotary_emb
 
 __all__ = [
     "ATTN_BACKEND",
diff --git a/astrai/extension/backend/__init__.py b/astrai/extension/backend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..189f8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/astrai/extension/backend/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""Backend selection, fallbacks, and execution policies."""
+
+from astrai.extension.backend.attention import (
+    ATTN_BACKEND,
+    AttentionBackend,
+    AttentionBackendFactory,
+    CudaBackend,
+    FlashAttnBackend,
+    TorchNativeBackend,
+    attention,
+    attn_backend,
+    get_backend,
+)
+from astrai.extension.backend.rotary import apply_rotary_emb
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ATTN_BACKEND",
+    "AttentionBackend",
+    "AttentionBackendFactory",
+    "CudaBackend",
+    "FlashAttnBackend",
+    "TorchNativeBackend",
+    "apply_rotary_emb",
+    "attention",
+    "attn_backend",
+    "get_backend",
+]
diff --git a/astrai/extension/attention_backend.py b/astrai/extension/backend/attention.py
similarity index 98%
rename from astrai/extension/attention_backend.py
rename to astrai/extension/backend/attention.py
index fa5c0c0..7921bd0 100644
--- a/astrai/extension/attention_backend.py
+++ b/astrai/extension/backend/attention.py
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ Layout convention: all q/k/v are ``[batch, seq_len, n_heads, head_dim]``
 import contextvars
 import enum
 import functools
-import importlib
 import os
 import threading
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
@@ -43,13 +42,18 @@ import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 from torch import Tensor
 
-from astrai.extension.attention_ops import (
+from astrai.extension.loader import is_available
+from astrai.extension.ops.attention import (
     attn_paged_decode,
     attn_paged_prefill,
 )
-from astrai.extension.loader import is_available
 from astrai.factory import BaseFactory
 
+try:
+    import flash_attn as _flash_attn
+except Exception:
+    _flash_attn = None
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from astrai.inference.cache import KVCache
 
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ _current_backend: contextvars.ContextVar[Optional["AttentionBackend"]] = (
 def flash_attn_available() -> bool:
     if not torch.cuda.is_available():
         return False
-    fa = _get_flash_attn()
+    fa = _flash_attn
     if fa is None:
         return False
 
@@ -90,14 +94,6 @@ def flash_attn_available() -> bool:
         return False
 
 
-@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
-def _get_flash_attn():
-    try:
-        return importlib.import_module("flash_attn")
-    except Exception:
-        return None
-
-
 class ATTN_BACKEND(enum.Enum):
     """Backend selector enum, mirroring ``torch.nn.attention.SDPBackend``."""
 
@@ -145,7 +141,7 @@ def _backend_supports(
         if q.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.bfloat16):
             return False
         if fwd is not None:
-            return q.ndim == 3 and hasattr(_get_flash_attn(), "flash_attn_varlen_func")
+            return q.ndim == 3 and hasattr(_flash_attn, "flash_attn_varlen_func")
         if attn_mask is None or is_causal:
             return True
         return attn_mask.dim() == 4
@@ -680,7 +676,7 @@ class FlashAttnBackend(AttentionBackend):
                 "FlashAttnBackend does not support a custom attention mask; "
                 "use a causal mask or select TorchNativeBackend."
             )
-        fa = _get_flash_attn()
+        fa = _flash_attn
         if fa is None:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "FlashAttnBackend requires the optional 'flash-attn' package. "
@@ -702,7 +698,7 @@ class FlashAttnBackend(AttentionBackend):
         kv_cache: "KVCache",
         layer_id: int,
     ) -> Tensor:
-        fa = _get_flash_attn()
+        fa = _flash_attn
         if fa is None or not hasattr(fa, "flash_attn_varlen_func"):
             raise RuntimeError("packed inference requires flash_attn_varlen_func")
         kv_cache.k_buffer[layer_id, kv_cache.out_cache_loc] = k
diff --git a/astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py b/astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py
similarity index 95%
rename from astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py
rename to astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py
index 91bd2ef..f934f0f 100644
--- a/astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py
+++ b/astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import torch
 from torch import Tensor
 
 from astrai.extension.loader import is_available
+from astrai.extension.ops.rotary import rotary_emb as _cuda_rotary
 
 _cache = {"available": None}
 
@@ -48,7 +49,5 @@ def apply_rotary_emb(x: Tensor, freqs_cis: Tensor) -> Tensor:
         and x.is_cuda
         and x.dtype == torch.bfloat16
     ):
-        from astrai.extension.rotary_ops import rotary_emb as _cuda_rotary
-
         return _cuda_rotary(x, freqs_cis)
     return _torch_apply(x, freqs_cis)
diff --git a/astrai/extension/fp8.py b/astrai/extension/fp8.py
index 74d4ec8..db1606d 100644
--- a/astrai/extension/fp8.py
+++ b/astrai/extension/fp8.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 """FP8 training: scaling state and aten::linear dispatch.
 
-Layered (see also ``fp8_ops.py`` for the CUDA interface adapter):
+Layered (see also ``ops/fp8.py`` for the CUDA interface adapter):
 
-1. Kernel interface: "fp8_ops" — the only module touching the pybind.
+1. Kernel interface: ``ops.fp8`` - the only module touching the pybind.
 2. Training state (this module): per-tensor scales, amax history, delayed
    scaling, and the ``fp8_autocast`` context (TE-style, like
    ``torch.autocast``).
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 import torch
 from torch.library import Library
 
-from astrai.extension.fp8_ops import (
+from astrai.extension.ops.fp8 import (
     linear_backward_scaled,
     linear_forward_scaled,
 )
diff --git a/astrai/extension/ops/__init__.py b/astrai/extension/ops/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac0009a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/astrai/extension/ops/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""Stateless wrappers around compiled extension kernels."""
+
+from astrai.extension.ops.attention import (
+    TensorLayout,
+    attn_decode,
+    attn_paged_decode,
+    attn_paged_prefill,
+    attn_prefill,
+)
+from astrai.extension.ops.rotary import rotary_emb
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TensorLayout",
+    "attn_decode",
+    "attn_paged_decode",
+    "attn_paged_prefill",
+    "attn_prefill",
+    "rotary_emb",
+]
diff --git a/astrai/extension/attention_ops.py b/astrai/extension/ops/attention.py
similarity index 98%
rename from astrai/extension/attention_ops.py
rename to astrai/extension/ops/attention.py
index 05cc8d8..47a8d55 100644
--- a/astrai/extension/attention_ops.py
+++ b/astrai/extension/ops/attention.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Attention kernel wrapper functions — one entry point per compiled kernel.
+"""Attention kernel wrapper functions - one entry point per compiled kernel.
 
 Each wrapper calls its CUDA kernel directly. If the kernel is not
 available, raises ``RuntimeError``. Fallback to torch SDPA is the
diff --git a/astrai/extension/fp8_ops.py b/astrai/extension/ops/fp8.py
similarity index 100%
rename from astrai/extension/fp8_ops.py
rename to astrai/extension/ops/fp8.py
diff --git a/astrai/extension/rotary_ops.py b/astrai/extension/ops/rotary.py
similarity index 94%
rename from astrai/extension/rotary_ops.py
rename to astrai/extension/ops/rotary.py
index 37d2a90..da0f276 100644
--- a/astrai/extension/rotary_ops.py
+++ b/astrai/extension/ops/rotary.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Calls the compiled CUDA kernel directly. If the kernel is not available,
 raises ``RuntimeError``. Fallback to torch complex multiply is the
-responsibility of ``astrai.extension.rotary_backend.apply_rotary_emb``.
+responsibility of ``astrai.extension.backend.rotary.apply_rotary_emb``.
 
 Layout: x is packed [tokens, n_heads, head_dim] or dense
 [batch, seq_len, n_heads, head_dim]. ``freqs_cis`` has matching token axes.
diff --git a/astrai/inference/runtime/executor.py b/astrai/inference/runtime/executor.py
index 0b55cf9..e8c0584 100644
--- a/astrai/inference/runtime/executor.py
+++ b/astrai/inference/runtime/executor.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 import torch
 from torch import Tensor
 
-from astrai.extension.attention_backend import (
+from astrai.extension.backend.attention import (
     CudaBackend,
     get_backend,
 )
diff --git a/astrai/model/components/__init__.py b/astrai/model/components/__init__.py
index 6205674..9f998be 100644
--- a/astrai/model/components/__init__.py
+++ b/astrai/model/components/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from astrai.extension.rotary_backend import apply_rotary_emb
+from astrai.extension.backend.rotary import apply_rotary_emb
 from astrai.model.components.attention import GQA, MLA
 from astrai.model.components.decoder_block import DecoderBlock
 from astrai.model.components.embedding import Embedding
diff --git a/astrai/model/components/attention.py b/astrai/model/components/attention.py
index 831323f..f3d300f 100644
--- a/astrai/model/components/attention.py
+++ b/astrai/model/components/attention.py
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ import torch.nn as nn
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 from torch import Tensor
 
-from astrai.extension import attention
-from astrai.extension.rotary_backend import apply_rotary_emb
+from astrai.extension.backend import apply_rotary_emb, attention
 from astrai.factory import BaseFactory
 from astrai.inference.cache import KVCache
 from astrai.model.components.linear import Linear
diff --git a/docs/developer/architecture.md b/docs/developer/architecture.md
index 446e819..18f23ce 100644
--- a/docs/developer/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/developer/architecture.md
@@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ classDiagram
 | **Context** | `TrainContext` | Unified training state bag |
 | **Object Pool** | `Allocator`, `PagePool` | Page-based KV cache with LRU eviction |
 | **Strategy (Attention)** | `AttentionBackend`, `CudaBackend`, `FlashAttnBackend`, `TorchNativeBackend` | Attention computation backend switching via context manager |
-| **Auto-dispatch (Rotary)** | `apply_rotary_emb`, `rotary_backend.py`, `rotary_ops.py` | Rotary embedding CUDA kernel auto-dispatch with torch fallback |
+| **Auto-dispatch (Rotary)** | `apply_rotary_emb`, `backend/rotary.py`, `ops/rotary.py` | Rotary embedding CUDA kernel auto-dispatch with torch fallback |
 | **Executor** | `BaseExecutor`, `NoneExecutor`, `DDPExecutor`, `FSDPExecutor` | Gradient accumulation & model distribution |
 | **Storage** | `Store`, `MmapStore`, `JsonlStore` | Format-agnostic data access with multi-segment support |
 | **Producer-Consumer** | `InferenceScheduler`, `Task`, queues | Continuous batching |
diff --git a/docs/developer/cuda_kernels.md b/docs/developer/cuda_kernels.md
index 88a6f6b..93846c2 100644
--- a/docs/developer/cuda_kernels.md
+++ b/docs/developer/cuda_kernels.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The `rotary_emb` kernel (`csrc/kernels/rotary_emb.cu`) fuses cos/sin lookup and
 - One thread per (head, dim-pair), vectorized `__nv_bfloat162` load/store
 - f32 cos/sin input, bf16 compute and output
 - 256-thread blocks, grid-stride loop
-- Auto-dispatched via `apply_rotary_emb` in `astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py` (CUDA when available + inference mode, else torch complex-multiply fallback)
+- Auto-dispatched via `apply_rotary_emb` in `astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py` (CUDA when available + inference mode, else torch complex-multiply fallback)
 - No context-manager backend needed — rotary is backend-agnostic, both attention backends benefit
 
 Standalone benchmark vs torch complex-multiply (48 calls = 24 layers × q+k): 6-9x faster, max diff 0 (decode) to 3e-2 (large prefill, bf16).
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Each kernel in `astrai/extension/lib` is compiled as an independent pybind11 mod
 
 ## Attention Backend
 
-`astrai/extension/attention_backend.py` provides the backend abstraction:
+`astrai/extension/backend/attention.py` provides the backend abstraction:
 
 - **`AttentionBackend`** (ABC): `fwd_decode` / `fwd_prefill` abstract methods, `forward` dispatches by q_len
 - **`CudaBackend`**: CUDA kernel dispatch — decode via `attn_paged_decode` (page_size=1), prefill via `attn_paged_prefill` (ragged batch, `qo_indptr` + `kv_indptr`). Default on GPU.
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ with attn_backend(ATTN_BACKEND.CUDA):
 
 ### Rotary Backend
 
-`astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py` provides `apply_rotary_emb(x, (cos, sin))` with auto-dispatch:
+`astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py` provides `apply_rotary_emb(x, (cos, sin))` with auto-dispatch:
 
 - **CUDA path**: calls `rotary_emb` kernel directly when available, input is bf16 on CUDA, and `torch.is_grad_enabled()` is `False` (inference)
 - **Torch fallback**: complex multiply (`torch.view_as_complex` → `torch.complex` multiply → `torch.view_as_real`), used during training (supports autograd) or when kernel unavailable
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ No context-manager switching needed — the dispatch is automatic per call.
 
 ## Python Wrappers
 
-`astrai/extension/attention_ops.py` provides Python wrappers for each compiled attention kernel. Each wrapper calls its CUDA kernel directly and raises `RuntimeError` if the `.so` is not available. Fallback to torch SDPA is handled by the attention backend, not the wrapper functions.
+`astrai/extension/ops/attention.py` provides Python wrappers for each compiled attention kernel. Each wrapper calls its CUDA kernel directly and raises `RuntimeError` if the `.so` is not available. Fallback to torch SDPA is handled by the attention backend, not the wrapper functions.
 
-`astrai/extension/rotary_ops.py` provides the wrapper for the rotary embedding kernel. Fallback to torch complex multiply is handled by `rotary_backend.py`.
+`astrai/extension/ops/rotary.py` provides the wrapper for the rotary embedding kernel. Fallback to torch complex multiply is handled by `backend/rotary.py`.
 
 Interface (all functions):
 ```
diff --git a/docs/developer/internals.md b/docs/developer/internals.md
index 329a774..bb28f6c 100644
--- a/docs/developer/internals.md
+++ b/docs/developer/internals.md
@@ -176,14 +176,14 @@ Three-layer separation (SGLang-inspired):
 
 ### Attention Backend
 
-Attention computation is decoupled from the model via `AttentionBackend` ABC (`astrai/extension/attention_backend.py`):
+Attention computation is decoupled from the model via `AttentionBackend` ABC (`astrai/extension/backend/attention.py`):
 
 - **`CudaBackend`** (default): decode path uses `attn_paged_decode` with `page_size=1` (the `req_to_token` table serves as the page table, each token slot is a single-token "page"); prefill path uses the ragged-batch `attn_paged_prefill` (addresses each request via `qo_indptr` + `kv_indptr` directly against the flat pool). Falls back to `FlashAttnBackend` when dtype unsupported.
 - **`FlashAttnBackend`**: optional flash-attn dispatch with `flash_attn_with_kvcache` fast path for contiguous cache; falls back to KV gather + `flash_attn_func`.
 - **`TorchNativeBackend`** (always-available fallback): writes K/V to cache, gathers via `req_to_token` indirect indexing, calls `F.scaled_dot_product_attention`.
 - Default priority: cuda > flash > torch. Set `ASTR_BACKEND=cuda|torch_native|flash` to override.
 
-Rotary embedding is applied via `apply_rotary_emb` in `astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py`, which auto-dispatches to the fused CUDA kernel (`rotary_emb.cu`) during inference or torch complex multiply during training (for autograd compatibility). Both attention backends share the same rotary dispatch.
+Rotary embedding is applied via `apply_rotary_emb` in `astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py`, which auto-dispatches to the fused CUDA kernel (`rotary_emb.cu`) during inference or torch complex multiply during training (for autograd compatibility). Both attention backends share the same rotary dispatch.
 
 Backend selection is thread-safe via `contextvars`, mirroring `torch.nn.attention.sdpa_kernel`:
 
diff --git a/docs/guides/inference.md b/docs/guides/inference.md
index b996417..7544755 100644
--- a/docs/guides/inference.md
+++ b/docs/guides/inference.md
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Fallback: when `CudaBackend` cannot handle an input (wrong dtype or head_dim), `
 
 ### Rotary Embedding Backend
 
-Rotary embedding is applied via `apply_rotary_emb` in `astrai/extension/rotary_backend.py`, which auto-dispatches:
+Rotary embedding is applied via `apply_rotary_emb` in `astrai/extension/backend/rotary.py`, which auto-dispatches:
 
 - **CUDA kernel** (`rotary_emb.cu`): fused cos/sin lookup + rotation in a single kernel, used when the kernel is available, the input is bf16 on CUDA, and `torch.is_grad_enabled()` is `False` (inference mode)
 - **Torch fallback**: complex multiply path (`torch.view_as_complex` → `torch.complex` multiply → `torch.view_as_real`), used during training (supports autograd backward) or when the CUDA kernel is not available
diff --git a/tests/extension/test_backend.py b/tests/extension/test_backend.py
index cdbcb5f..56c7e92 100644
--- a/tests/extension/test_backend.py
+++ b/tests/extension/test_backend.py
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ from astrai.extension import (
     ATTN_BACKEND,
     AttentionBackendFactory,
     CudaBackend,
+    FlashAttnBackend,
+    TorchNativeBackend,
     attn_backend,
     get_backend,
 )
@@ -17,13 +19,6 @@ from astrai.extension import (
 
 def test_default_backend_resolves_to_available():
     """Default backend is the first available in cuda > flash > torch order."""
-    from astrai.extension.attention_backend import (
-        CudaBackend,
-        FlashAttnBackend,
-        TorchNativeBackend,
-        _resolve_default_backend,
-    )
-
     backend = get_backend()
     assert isinstance(backend, (CudaBackend, FlashAttnBackend, TorchNativeBackend))
 
diff --git a/tests/extension/test_kernel_mask.py b/tests/extension/test_kernel_mask.py
index 22d9195..ab1ed76 100644
--- a/tests/extension/test_kernel_mask.py
+++ b/tests/extension/test_kernel_mask.py
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@
 
 import torch
 
+from astrai.extension.ops.attention import attn_prefill
 from tests.extension.conftest import D, skip_no_kernel
 
 
 @skip_no_kernel
 def test_kernel_accepts_2d_mask():
     """Kernel should accept 2D mask [batch, kv_len]."""
-    from astrai.extension.attention_ops import attn_prefill
-
     batch, q_len, n_heads, n_kv_heads = 1, 8, 4, 1
     kv_len = 8
     q = torch.randn(batch, q_len, n_heads, D, device="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -25,8 +24,6 @@ def test_kernel_accepts_2d_mask():
 @skip_no_kernel
 def test_kernel_accepts_3d_mask():
     """Kernel should accept 3D mask [batch, q_len, kv_len]."""
-    from astrai.extension.attention_ops import attn_prefill
-
     batch, q_len, n_heads, n_kv_heads = 1, 8, 4, 1
     kv_len = 8
     q = torch.randn(batch, q_len, n_heads, D, device="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -41,8 +38,6 @@ def test_kernel_accepts_3d_mask():
 @skip_no_kernel
 def test_kernel_accepts_4d_mask():
     """Kernel should accept 4D mask [batch, n_heads, q_len, kv_len]."""
-    from astrai.extension.attention_ops import attn_prefill
-
     batch, q_len, n_heads, n_kv_heads = 1, 8, 4, 1
     kv_len = 8
     q = torch.randn(batch, q_len, n_heads, D, device="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -58,8 +53,6 @@ def test_kernel_accepts_4d_mask():
 @skip_no_kernel
 def test_4d_mask_matches_no_mask_when_all_true():
     """A 4D all-True mask should produce the same output as no mask."""
-    from astrai.extension.attention_ops import attn_prefill
-
     batch, q_len, n_heads, n_kv_heads = 1, 8, 4, 1
     kv_len = 8
     q = torch.randn(batch, q_len, n_heads, D, device="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)